Imperative Sentences

The imperative tense in English is used to give an order, a warning, an appeal, an advice, a suggestion, an instruction and in some cases a request to another person, to a group of people or to animals. It is very easy to form the imperative sentence: Simply take the verbs' infinitive form (without the "to" infinitive indicator). Usually the verb will be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

For example:Close the door.
Give me the keys.


The above form is used if a person gives an order to another person or to a group of people. But if the imperative includes oneself in the group of people who receive the order the words "Let us" or "Let's" are added before the infinitive in the sentence.
For example:Let's eat something, we are all hungry.
Let us be happy, we are all fine.
In order to create a negative form of an imperative, place "do not", "don't" or "let's not" in front of the infinitive form of the verb (again without "to").


For example:Don't go, I need you here.
Let's not be sad, we are all fine.


The imperative form can also be used to make a request, if you add "please" to the imperative sentence. You can also add "Would you" instead or in addition to "please" (which can be a question or a polite order).


For example:Please come, I need you there.
Please don't go, I need you here.




More examples:Stand up when I speak to you (order)
Press the button in order to activate the machine (instruction)
Do not touch it, it is hot! (warning)
Take a left at the corner (advice, suggestion)


Exercises

Rewrite the imperatives in statements. Use the verbs in brackets.

1.Do be quiet. (must) ...............................................................................

2.Let me finish it first. (would like) .........................................................


3.Repair your roof. (should) .....................................................................


4. Let's not go on foot. (should not) .........................................................


5.Drive slowly, will you? (must) ..............................................................


6.Let them make an experiment. (can) .....................................................


7.Hurry up. (must) ...................................................................................


8.Let us see them tomorrow. (could).........................................................


References
http://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/imperative-sentence.html


http://www.scientificpsychic.com/grammar/enggram8.html


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmETXU34TTQ

Present Simple Tenses

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDuZNqIeURA

                                                     Present Simple Tenses

             To form the Present Simple Tense we use the verb's base form (go, work, speak, study). In 3^rd person singular (he, she, it), the base form of the verb takes -s/es. (Auxiliary verbs "be," "do," "have", which can also be used as main verbs, are exceptions.)

 Examples                                                                  

            1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning.                                                                  
2. I go to school every day.
3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night.
4. I usually sleep late on Sunday morning.
5. Peter works for 8 hours every day.
6. We usually start work at 8 o'clock.
7. My children often watch TV in the afternoon.
8. He always forgets his keys.

   Affirmative form                                                                                   I                                                                     
you                 work
we
they

he/she/it     works /-s/

    Examples                                                                                                   
1. I work in a bank.
2. Kate speaks English very well.
3. Tom lives in London.

   1. People make choices because they can't have everything they want.
2. Nurses work in clinics and hospitals.
3. Football is a very popular sport in Bulgaria.

go - goes /-es/
watch - watches /-es/
play - plays /-s/
study - studies /-es/

    Examples

           1. The Earth is spherical.
2. My birthday is in May.
3. California is in the Unated States.
4. The sun rises in the east.
5. Water freezes at 0°C (32°F).
! Remember:
to be
I/you/we/they are
he/she/it is

    Examples

          1. We arrive in Rome at 6 p.m.
2. The train leaves in five minutes.
3. The course starts next Thursday.
to do
I/you/we/they do

          he/she/it does
to have
I/you/we/they have
he/she/it has

    Examples                                               

            1. She loves jazz music.
2. My aunt hates travelling by train.

3. I like ice cream. I don't like spinach.
4. I think she is a wonderful person.
5. Do you believe in God?
6. I have no money at the moment.
7. My brother has a new car.
8. That bicycle belongs to me.                                                                                   
Negative form
I
you      DO NOT /don't/
we           WORK
they
he/she/it    DOES NOT                                                             
              /doesn't / WORK
1. She doesn't often go to the cinema.
2. I don't get up early at the weekend.
3. They don't speak English very well.
 Interrogative form
               I
DO       you       WORK?
             we
             they
DOES   he/she/it    WORK?
1. Do they speak foreign languages?
2. Do you want a banana?
3. Does your sister play the piano? 

Questions and short answers:
Do you like spaghetti?
Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
Does she know Bulgarian?
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn't.

       The Present Simple Tense is also used in :sentences after "when", "after", "while", "till" / "until", "before", "as soon as" - When the rain stops, we'll go out.
I'll call you back as soon as I return home. zero conditional sentences (when the result of the condition is always true) - If you heat water to 100°C (212°F), it boils.first conditional sentences (Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real (or possible) situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met.) - If you finish your homework I'll bring you to the zoo.

Exercise
      Present Simple Tense
Write the correct form of the verb in each sentence. 1. John ______________ (play/plays) soccer.
2. They ______________ (don’t/doesn’t) study after school.
3. We _______________ (take/takes) the metro to the office every day.
4. What ___________ (do/does) you want to study?
5. On Tuesdays, I _________ (go/goes) to the mall.
6. Terry ___________ (play/plays) soccer; he _________________ (practice/practices)
    every day.
7____________ (Do/Does) Lucy ride her bike to school, or ___________ (do/does) she
    take the bus?
8. On Sunday, he ____________ (don’t/doesn’t) read the newspaper.
9. Where _____________ (do/does) they work?
10. How ____________ (do/does) you spell your name?

 

Make questions with the word groups, using (do) or (does).

      1. (Where/she/live) _________________________________________________________?
2. (When/you/play/soccer) ____________________________________________________?
3. (What/he/eat/for/lunch) ____________________________________________________?
4. (When/they/come/home/from/school)_________________________________________?
5. (she/want/to/work/in/the/office) _____________________________________________?
6. (your/mother/take/you/to/school)_____________________________________________?
7. (What/time/you/get/up)____________________________________________________?
8. (Where/your/father/work) __________________________________________________?
9. (Julia/live/in/Colorado) ____________________________________________________?
10. (How/Juan/and/David/go/to/school)___________________________________________?

Reference
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses_present.htm

http://www.englishtenseswithcartoons.com/tenses/present_simple

Preposition

Prepositions are a class of words that indicate relationships between nouns, pronouns and other words in a sentence. Most often they come before a noun. They never change their form, regardless of the case, gender etc. of the word they are referring to.

Some common prepositions are:

about                    above                   across                    after                      against

along                    among                  around                   at                            before

behind                  below                   beneath                  beside                  between

beyond                 but                         by                           despite                down

during                   except                  for                          from                      in

inside                    into                      like                         near                     of

off                         on                        onto                        out                       outside

over                       past                    since                       through                 throughout

till                          to                        toward                    under                   underneath

until                       up                        upon                       with                     within

without.

Prepositions typically come before a noun:

For example:

• after class
• at home
• before Tuesday
• in London
• on fire
• with pleasure

A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence.

For example:

• The book is on the table.                                                                                    
• The book is beside the table.
• She read the book during class.
  
  In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.

Prepositions are classified as simple or compound.

Simple prepositions
Simple prepositions are single word prepositions. These are all showed above.

For example:

• The book is on the table.

Compound prepositions
Compound prepositions are more than one word. in between and because of are prepositions made up of two words - in front of, on behalf of are prepositions made up of three words.

For example:

• The book is in between War and Peace and The Lord of the Rings.
• The book is in front of the clock.

Examples:

• The children climbed the mountain without fear.
• There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
• The spider crawled slowly along the banister.

Exercise

Use the prepositions from the review sheet to complete the following sentences (there could be more than one right answer).

1. I was                   the mall last night.

2. I am going to go                 the movies tonight.

3. Yesterday, the teacher gave the class a pop quiz and told them they had                               fifteen minutes to do it.

4. Last weekend I went for a walk in the woods                      my dogs.

5. My parents are going to be out                      the country for a whole week.

6. I was waiting                     the corner                  Tim Horton’s for over an hour!

7. My parents are cheering                      the Maple Leafs this season.

8. I am scheduled to work                      4:30 pm. every day                           Friday when I finish at 3:00 pm.

9. At the concert, I didn’t like the person who sat                          me.

10. In order to catch the train I must leave                        five o’clock.

Reference
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition
http://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.htm
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/preposition.htm

Auxiliary verbs

                  

Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to construct the verb phrase. They fall into two groups:

• Primary auxiliaries
• Modal auxiliaries

Primary auxiliariesThe primary auxiliaries are: be, have, and do. They are used in clauses such as:

I am eating bread.
They have eaten bread.
You do eat bread.

Primary auxiliaries can also work as main verbs. For example:

I am happy to see these names included.
I have a new life now and new friends.
We do things that are controversial.

  

Modal auxiliaries

These are used in clauses such as:

I shall eat bread.                                                                             
I might eat bread.
I could eat bread.

Modal auxiliaries cannot work as main verbs and normally appear with a main verb. The full list is:

will	shall	would	should
may	might
can	could
must
ought (to)

There is a big difference between the meanings of the two sets of auxiliaries. The sentence that follows illustrates this:

It must work dependably.

If you change this to It does work dependably, you are saying something very different. We can use the contrast between the two types of auxiliary to make a point, as in this example:

Britain's labour market may be working better but it is still not working well.

To sum up: modal auxiliaries create a range of possible situations from may through will to must. The primary auxiliaries deal in actual situations.

Exercise

Write questions in the tenses given in brackets. Decide whether or not to use an auxiliary.

1. you/know/this girl (Simple Present) ...................................................
2. who/say/that (Simple Past) ...............................................................
3. why/she/want to do this (Simple Present) ..........................................
4. he/go home (Present Perfect Simple) ................................................
5. she/come/to our party (will-Future) ...................................................
6. they/travel/by train (Simple Past) .......................................................
7. they/buy/the present (Present Perfect Simple) ....................................
8. you/sleep (Present Progressive) .........................................................
9. they/be/there (Simple Past) ...............................................................
10. where/he/be/from (Simple Present) ...................................................

Reference
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/auxil.htm
http://www.germanlanguageguide.com/german/grammar/auxiliary-verb.aspAuxiliaryverbs

http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Auxiliary_verb

Wh Questions

                           
                                Wh-Question                                                    

Wh-questions are questions that begin with one of the eight “wh ” words: who, whose, what, when, which, why, where and how.

Questions formed with “wh ” words ask about the word or phrase the “wh ” word replaces. Who replaces pronouns and the names of people. When the question word is the subject, the word order doesn't change:

“Columbus discovered America in 1492.”

“Who discovered America in 1492?”


When the “wh ” word replaces a word in the predicate, and the verb includes a modal (such as “can,” “will,” “may”), a form of “to be,” or a form of the helping verb “have” the predicate and subject are switched:

“He is the president.”
“Who is he?”


However, when the “wh ” word replaces a word in the predicate, and the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have,” “do formation” is used:
WH- word + “do” + SUBJECT + VERB PHRASE
“Do” always takes the tense of the original verb, and the verb takes the base form:


“Jack hit the president.”
“Who did Jack hit?”


“Whose” is the possessive form of “who,” and works the same way:


“Shakespeare's plays are well known.”
“Whose plays are well known?”

The do formation is used when the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have.”


“Jack drove Bill's car.”
“Whose car did Jack drive?”
“What” replaces any noun or noun phrase that is not a person or pronoun. Questions are formed with “what” the same way as with “who” and “whose”:


“The car hit the dog.”
“What hit the dog?”
The do formation is used when the verb does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb

“Bill bought a car.” “What did Bill buy?”

“When” replaces time specific words (adverbials of time). When a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have” is used, the subject and predicate are simply switched. “John's appointment was at four o'clock.”
“When was John's appointment?” The do formation is used when the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb:

“John arrived at noon.” “When did John arrive?”

“Which” is used when one object among several has to be selected. “Which” replaces the specific object identified: “That car was involved in the accident.”
“Which car was involved in the accident?” The do formation is used when the verb does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have.” “The baseball broke that window.”
“Which window did the baseball break?”

“Why” does not replace any specific word or phrase in a sentence. Rather, “why” asks for the reasons an action was done. The clause in a sentence explaining “why” usually begins with “because....” When the verb is a modal, a form of “be,” or a form of the helping verb “have,” the subject and predicate are switched:

“How” refers to the way, manner, or to what degree something was done; it replaces adverbs or adverb phrases. If the verb contains a modal, a form of the verb “be” or a form of the helping verb “have,” the subject and predicate are reversed: “Mary is very beautiful.”
“How beautiful is Mary?” The do formation is used when the verb is not a modal, a form of the verb “be” or a form of the helping verb “have,”: “Mary is thin because she went on a diet.”
“Why is Mary thin?”
The do formation is used when the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of the verb “be” or a form of the helping verb “have”: “John missed the bus because he got up late.”
“Why did John miss the bus?”

“John ran quickly to school”
“How did John run to school?”

 Like “why,” “how” sometimes does not replace a specific word or phrase but asks for the way in which something was accomplished. The clause in the sentence explaining “how” is usually introduced with “by”:

“Bill passed the test by studying hard.”
“How did Bill pass the test?”

“Where” refers to adverbials of place or location. If the verb contains no modal, form of the verb “be” or form of the helping verb “have,” then the subject and predicate are switched.

“The keys are on the table.”
“Where are the keys?”

Exercisses

Fill in the gaps with the correct question word. Choose between where, when, what, who. 1. A:   is Canberra?                                                     B: It's in Australia.                                                                                                                                       2. A:  are John and Mandy?     B: They are my friends. 3. A:  is your birthday?    B: It's on 23rd May. 4. A:  is the Thames?     B: It's a river. 5. A:  is the concert?     B: On Saturday. 6. A:  is your schoolbag?     B: It's in my room. 7. A:  are London, Washington DC and Paris?     B: They're capital cities. 8. A:  am I?     B: You're my best friend. 9. A:  are you?     B: I'm your new English teacher. 10. A:  is your new school?       B. It's in Maple Road. References http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/wh_questions.html http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-wh-questions.php

http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/how-use-wh-questions

http://norbertoojeda.blogspot.com/2010/10/wh-questions-exercises.html