Auxiliary verbs

                  

Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs are used with main verbs to construct the verb phrase. They fall into two groups:

• Primary auxiliaries
• Modal auxiliaries

Primary auxiliariesThe primary auxiliaries are: be, have, and do. They are used in clauses such as:

I am eating bread.
They have eaten bread.
You do eat bread.

Primary auxiliaries can also work as main verbs. For example:

I am happy to see these names included.
I have a new life now and new friends.
We do things that are controversial.

  

Modal auxiliaries

These are used in clauses such as:

I shall eat bread.                                                                             
I might eat bread.
I could eat bread.

Modal auxiliaries cannot work as main verbs and normally appear with a main verb. The full list is:

will	shall	would	should
may	might
can	could
must
ought (to)

There is a big difference between the meanings of the two sets of auxiliaries. The sentence that follows illustrates this:

It must work dependably.

If you change this to It does work dependably, you are saying something very different. We can use the contrast between the two types of auxiliary to make a point, as in this example:

Britain's labour market may be working better but it is still not working well.

To sum up: modal auxiliaries create a range of possible situations from may through will to must. The primary auxiliaries deal in actual situations.

Exercise

Write questions in the tenses given in brackets. Decide whether or not to use an auxiliary.

1. you/know/this girl (Simple Present) ...................................................
2. who/say/that (Simple Past) ...............................................................
3. why/she/want to do this (Simple Present) ..........................................
4. he/go home (Present Perfect Simple) ................................................
5. she/come/to our party (will-Future) ...................................................
6. they/travel/by train (Simple Past) .......................................................
7. they/buy/the present (Present Perfect Simple) ....................................
8. you/sleep (Present Progressive) .........................................................
9. they/be/there (Simple Past) ...............................................................
10. where/he/be/from (Simple Present) ...................................................

Reference
http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/auxil.htm
http://www.germanlanguageguide.com/german/grammar/auxiliary-verb.aspAuxiliaryverbs

http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Auxiliary_verb

Wh Questions

                           
                                Wh-Question                                                    

Wh-questions are questions that begin with one of the eight “wh ” words: who, whose, what, when, which, why, where and how.

Questions formed with “wh ” words ask about the word or phrase the “wh ” word replaces. Who replaces pronouns and the names of people. When the question word is the subject, the word order doesn't change:

“Columbus discovered America in 1492.”

“Who discovered America in 1492?”


When the “wh ” word replaces a word in the predicate, and the verb includes a modal (such as “can,” “will,” “may”), a form of “to be,” or a form of the helping verb “have” the predicate and subject are switched:

“He is the president.”
“Who is he?”


However, when the “wh ” word replaces a word in the predicate, and the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have,” “do formation” is used:
WH- word + “do” + SUBJECT + VERB PHRASE
“Do” always takes the tense of the original verb, and the verb takes the base form:


“Jack hit the president.”
“Who did Jack hit?”


“Whose” is the possessive form of “who,” and works the same way:


“Shakespeare's plays are well known.”
“Whose plays are well known?”

The do formation is used when the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have.”


“Jack drove Bill's car.”
“Whose car did Jack drive?”
“What” replaces any noun or noun phrase that is not a person or pronoun. Questions are formed with “what” the same way as with “who” and “whose”:


“The car hit the dog.”
“What hit the dog?”
The do formation is used when the verb does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb

“Bill bought a car.” “What did Bill buy?”

“When” replaces time specific words (adverbials of time). When a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have” is used, the subject and predicate are simply switched. “John's appointment was at four o'clock.”
“When was John's appointment?” The do formation is used when the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb:

“John arrived at noon.” “When did John arrive?”

“Which” is used when one object among several has to be selected. “Which” replaces the specific object identified: “That car was involved in the accident.”
“Which car was involved in the accident?” The do formation is used when the verb does not contain a modal, a form of “be” or a form of the helping verb “have.” “The baseball broke that window.”
“Which window did the baseball break?”

“Why” does not replace any specific word or phrase in a sentence. Rather, “why” asks for the reasons an action was done. The clause in a sentence explaining “why” usually begins with “because....” When the verb is a modal, a form of “be,” or a form of the helping verb “have,” the subject and predicate are switched:

“How” refers to the way, manner, or to what degree something was done; it replaces adverbs or adverb phrases. If the verb contains a modal, a form of the verb “be” or a form of the helping verb “have,” the subject and predicate are reversed: “Mary is very beautiful.”
“How beautiful is Mary?” The do formation is used when the verb is not a modal, a form of the verb “be” or a form of the helping verb “have,”: “Mary is thin because she went on a diet.”
“Why is Mary thin?”
The do formation is used when the verb phrase does not contain a modal, a form of the verb “be” or a form of the helping verb “have”: “John missed the bus because he got up late.”
“Why did John miss the bus?”

“John ran quickly to school”
“How did John run to school?”

 Like “why,” “how” sometimes does not replace a specific word or phrase but asks for the way in which something was accomplished. The clause in the sentence explaining “how” is usually introduced with “by”:

“Bill passed the test by studying hard.”
“How did Bill pass the test?”

“Where” refers to adverbials of place or location. If the verb contains no modal, form of the verb “be” or form of the helping verb “have,” then the subject and predicate are switched.

“The keys are on the table.”
“Where are the keys?”

Exercisses

Fill in the gaps with the correct question word. Choose between where, when, what, who. 1. A:   is Canberra?                                                     B: It's in Australia.                                                                                                                                       2. A:  are John and Mandy?     B: They are my friends. 3. A:  is your birthday?    B: It's on 23rd May. 4. A:  is the Thames?     B: It's a river. 5. A:  is the concert?     B: On Saturday. 6. A:  is your schoolbag?     B: It's in my room. 7. A:  are London, Washington DC and Paris?     B: They're capital cities. 8. A:  am I?     B: You're my best friend. 9. A:  are you?     B: I'm your new English teacher. 10. A:  is your new school?       B. It's in Maple Road. References http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/wh_questions.html http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-wh-questions.php

http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/how-use-wh-questions

http://norbertoojeda.blogspot.com/2010/10/wh-questions-exercises.html

There is / There are

There is / There are 

1.Use "There is" for singular nouns and things you cannot count.
Examples: There is an apple on the desk.
                   
2.Use "There are" for plural nouns; that is to say, we use there are with a plural subject.
Examples: There are four windows in my room.


3.To say the opposite, (the negative form of this structure), use isn't  (is + not)    or    aren't   (are + not)
Examples: There isn't a telephone in the kitchen.

4.To make questions, (to ask whether something exists or it doesn`t)  just change the order of there is and there are......
Examples: Is there a Post Office near hear?
                  Yes, there is.
                   No, there isn`t.

5.To express the idea of quantity,  we usually  have to use "some"  and   ''any"  with there is and there are. This happens when we have to mention an unspecified amount of something, for example,  when we are using uncountable nouns.


We generally use some for positive statements, and any for negative and interrogative ones.
Examples:   (positive statements) There is some water in the bottle.
                   (negative statements)  There aren`t any apples
                   (interrogative statements) Are there any chairs in your room?

Exercise

Complete los recuadros con There is o There are.

1.

13 pencils in this box.

2.
  a telephone on the desk.

3.

  a dog in the mailbox.

4.
  three books on the desk.

5. 
  two dolphins in this picture.

6.
  twenty cigarettes in a packet.

Reference
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/cgi2/myexam/liaison.php?liaison=_thereisthereare_
http://www.eslgold.com/grammar/there_is_are.html

Verb to be

 Verb to be
ตัวประธานคือคำนามที่เป็นเจ้าของกริยาอาการในประโยค มี 3 รูป คือ is am are

  เช่น He   She   It  ใช้ is   

      You   We   They   ใช้ are   

        I   ใช้ am

หน้าที่ของ verb to be
verb to be ใช้ทำหน้าที่่วยกริยาตัวอื่นได้ดังนี้
1. วางไว้หน้ากริยาที่เติม ing ทำให้ประโยคนั้นเป็น Continuous Tense มีความหมายว่า กำลัง เช่น
- We are learning English.
หมายเหตุ ถ้า verb ช่อง1 เติม ing มี verb to be อยู่หน้าให้แปลว่า กำลัง
2. วางไว้หน้ากริยาช่องที่ 3 ทำให้ประนั้นเป็นกรรมมาจาก passive voice หมายความว่า ถูก เช่น
- This house was built here last year.
3. วางไว้หน้ากริยา Infinitive มีความหมายว่า จะต้อง แสดงถึงหน้าที่ที่ต้องจะทำ,แผนการณ์,การเตรียมการ,คำสั่ง,คำขอร้อง,หรือความเป็นไปได้
- She is to be paid at the end of this week.
4. ใช้นำหน้า Adjective ต้องใช้ be นำหน้าเสมอ
- Be good luck in your examination.
5. ใช้นำหน้าสำนวน about + verb ช่อง1 มีความหมายว่า จะ แสดงถึงเหตุการณ์ที่จะเกิดขึ้นในอนาคตอันใกล้ เช่น
- I am about to go home within two hours.
6. ใช้นำหน้ากริยาหลัก Principal verb ในประโยคได้ ในกรณีนี้ในประโยคนั้นจะไม่มี verb ตัวอื่นเข้ามาร่วมอยู่กับ Verb to be เช่น
- I am a teacher of English.





   Exercise  
ให้นักเรียน เติม  is ,  am ,  are  ( Is , Am ,  Are )ลงในช่องว่างให้ถูกต้อง
1. We  ______________ watching  television.
2. Joe  ______________  writing  a  letter.
3. Jimmy  and  Bob  ________________  riding  the  bicycles.
4. ______________  Sandy  playing  the  piano ?
5. ______________  you  cooking  in  the  kitchen ?
6. The  dog  __________________  eating  some  food.
7. Mary  and  I  _________________  swimming.
8. I  ________________  speaking  now.
9. You  ________________  not  reading  a  book.
10. _________________  they  playing  basketball.

Reference
http://www.sahavicha.com/?name=test&file=readtest&id=699
http://www.google.co.th/images?hl=th&q=verb%20to%20be&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=816&bih=439